Accessibility
This skill should be used when the user asks about "accessibility", "a11y", "WCAG", "screen readers", "keyboard navigation", "ARIA", "accessible design", "inclusive design", or mentions making apps accessible.
What this skill does
# Accessibility (a11y)
Guidance for creating accessible web applications following WCAG guidelines.
## Core Principles (POUR)
1. **Perceivable**: Content can be perceived by all senses
2. **Operable**: Interface can be operated by everyone
3. **Understandable**: Content and UI are understandable
4. **Robust**: Works with assistive technologies
## Quick Wins
### Images
```html
<!-- Informative image -->
<img src="chart.png" alt="Sales grew 25% in Q4 2024">
<!-- Decorative image -->
<img src="decoration.png" alt="" role="presentation">
```
### Buttons & Links
```html
<!-- Good: Descriptive -->
<button>Add to cart</button>
<a href="/docs">View documentation</a>
<!-- Bad: Vague -->
<button>Click here</button>
<a href="/docs">Read more</a>
```
### Forms
```html
<label for="email">Email address</label>
<input type="email" id="email" aria-describedby="email-hint">
<span id="email-hint">We'll never share your email</span>
```
### Headings
```html
<!-- Proper hierarchy -->
<h1>Page Title</h1>
<h2>Section</h2>
<h3>Subsection</h3>
<h2>Another Section</h2>
```
## Color & Contrast
### Minimum Contrast Ratios
| Element | WCAG AA | WCAG AAA |
|---------|---------|----------|
| Normal text | 4.5:1 | 7:1 |
| Large text (18px+) | 3:1 | 4.5:1 |
| UI components | 3:1 | 3:1 |
### Don't Rely on Color Alone
```html
<!-- Bad: Color only -->
<span style="color: red">Error</span>
<!-- Good: Color + icon + text -->
<span style="color: red">
<svg aria-hidden="true">...</svg>
Error: Email is required
</span>
```
## Keyboard Navigation
### Focus Management
```css
/* Visible focus indicator */
:focus {
outline: 2px solid #2563EB;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
/* Don't remove focus styles! */
:focus { outline: none; } /* BAD */
```
### Tab Order
```html
<!-- Natural order follows DOM -->
<nav>
<a href="/">Home</a> <!-- Tab 1 -->
<a href="/about">About</a> <!-- Tab 2 -->
</nav>
<!-- Skip link for keyboard users -->
<a href="#main" class="skip-link">Skip to content</a>
```
### Keyboard Shortcuts
- `Tab`: Move forward
- `Shift+Tab`: Move backward
- `Enter/Space`: Activate
- `Escape`: Close/cancel
- `Arrow keys`: Navigate within components
## ARIA Basics
### When to Use ARIA
1. **First**: Use semantic HTML
2. **Then**: Add ARIA only if needed
```html
<!-- Semantic HTML (preferred) -->
<button>Submit</button>
<nav>...</nav>
<!-- ARIA when needed -->
<div role="button" tabindex="0">Submit</div>
<div role="navigation">...</div>
```
### Common ARIA Attributes
```html
<!-- Labeling -->
<button aria-label="Close dialog">×</button>
<div aria-labelledby="section-title">...</div>
<!-- State -->
<button aria-expanded="false">Menu</button>
<div aria-hidden="true">Decorative content</div>
<!-- Live regions -->
<div aria-live="polite">Status updates here</div>
<div role="alert">Error message</div>
```
## Component Patterns
### Modal Dialog
```html
<div role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="dialog-title">
<h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Action</h2>
<p>Are you sure?</p>
<button>Cancel</button>
<button>Confirm</button>
</div>
```
### Tabs
```html
<div role="tablist">
<button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel1">Tab 1</button>
<button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel2">Tab 2</button>
</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel1">Content 1</div>
<div role="tabpanel" id="panel2" hidden>Content 2</div>
```
## Testing Checklist
### Automated Testing
- [ ] Run axe or Lighthouse accessibility audit
- [ ] Check color contrast with WebAIM checker
- [ ] Validate HTML
### Manual Testing
- [ ] Navigate with keyboard only (no mouse)
- [ ] Test with screen reader (VoiceOver, NVDA)
- [ ] Zoom to 200% - is content usable?
- [ ] Disable CSS - is content logical?
### Screen Reader Testing
```
macOS: VoiceOver (Cmd + F5)
Windows: NVDA (free) or JAWS
Mobile: TalkBack (Android), VoiceOver (iOS)
```
## Quick Reference
| Issue | Solution |
|-------|----------|
| Image without alt | Add descriptive alt text |
| Low contrast | Increase to 4.5:1 minimum |
| Missing labels | Add `<label>` or aria-label |
| No focus visible | Add visible focus styles |
| Mouse-only | Add keyboard support |
| Auto-playing media | Add pause controls |
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