azure-keyvault

What this skill does

# Azure Key Vault

Securely store and manage secrets, keys, and certificates in Azure.

## When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:
- Managing secrets, encryption keys, or certificates in Azure
- Implementing centralized secret management for Azure services
- Integrating secrets into AKS, App Service, or Azure Functions
- Encrypting data with customer-managed keys (CMK)
- Meeting compliance requirements for key management (FIPS 140-2)

## Prerequisites

- Azure subscription with appropriate permissions
- Azure CLI installed (`az` command)
- Contributor or Key Vault Administrator role for vault management
- Managed identity configured for application access
- Understanding of Azure RBAC vs. Key Vault access policies

## Vault Creation and Configuration

```bash
# Create a resource group
az group create --name rg-secrets --location eastus

# Create Key Vault with RBAC authorization (recommended)
az keyvault create \
  --name myapp-vault-prod \
  --resource-group rg-secrets \
  --location eastus \
  --enable-rbac-authorization true \
  --enable-soft-delete true \
  --retention-days 90 \
  --enable-purge-protection true \
  --sku premium  # Use premium for HSM-backed keys

# Create Key Vault with access policies (legacy)
az keyvault create \
  --name myapp-vault-dev \
  --resource-group rg-secrets \
  --location eastus \
  --enable-soft-delete true \
  --retention-days 30

# Enable private endpoint (no public access)
az keyvault update \
  --name myapp-vault-prod \
  --resource-group rg-secrets \
  --public-network-access Disabled

# Enable diagnostics logging
az monitor diagnostic-settings create \
  --name kv-diagnostics \
  --resource "/subscriptions/{sub}/resourceGroups/rg-secrets/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/myapp-vault-prod" \
  --workspace "/subscriptions/{sub}/resourceGroups/rg-monitor/providers/Microsoft.OperationalInsights/workspaces/security-logs" \
  --logs '[{"category":"AuditEvent","enabled":true,"retentionPolicy":{"enabled":true,"days":365}}]'
```

## Secret Management

```bash
# Set a secret
az keyvault secret set \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-password \
  --value "S3cur3P@ssw0rd!" \
  --content-type "text/plain" \
  --tags Environment=production Team=platform

# Set a multi-line secret (JSON credentials)
az keyvault secret set \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-credentials \
  --value '{"username":"dbadmin","password":"S3cur3P@ss!","host":"db.postgres.database.azure.com","port":5432}'

# Get secret value
az keyvault secret show \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-password \
  --query value -o tsv

# Get specific version
az keyvault secret show \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-password \
  --version abc123def456

# List all secrets
az keyvault secret list --vault-name myapp-vault-prod -o table

# List secret versions
az keyvault secret list-versions \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-password -o table

# Set expiration date
az keyvault secret set-attributes \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name api-key \
  --expires "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z"

# Disable a secret (without deleting)
az keyvault secret set-attributes \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name old-api-key \
  --enabled false

# Delete a secret (soft-delete)
az keyvault secret delete \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name old-api-key

# Recover a deleted secret
az keyvault secret recover \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name old-api-key

# Purge a deleted secret (permanent, requires purge protection to be off)
az keyvault secret purge \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name old-api-key

# Backup and restore
az keyvault secret backup \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name db-password \
  --file db-password.backup

az keyvault secret restore \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --file db-password.backup
```

## Key Management

```bash
# Create an RSA key for encryption
az keyvault key create \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name data-encryption-key \
  --kty RSA \
  --size 4096 \
  --ops encrypt decrypt wrapKey unwrapKey

# Create an EC key for signing
az keyvault key create \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name signing-key \
  --kty EC \
  --curve P-256 \
  --ops sign verify

# Import an existing key
az keyvault key import \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name imported-key \
  --pem-file key.pem

# Encrypt data
az keyvault key encrypt \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name data-encryption-key \
  --algorithm RSA-OAEP-256 \
  --value "base64-encoded-plaintext"

# Rotate a key
az keyvault key rotate \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name data-encryption-key

# Set key rotation policy
az keyvault key rotation-policy update \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name data-encryption-key \
  --value '{
    "lifetimeActions": [
      {
        "trigger": {"timeBeforeExpiry": "P30D"},
        "action": {"type": "Notify"}
      },
      {
        "trigger": {"timeAfterCreate": "P90D"},
        "action": {"type": "Rotate"}
      }
    ],
    "attributes": {"expiryTime": "P180D"}
  }'
```

## Certificate Management

```bash
# Create a self-signed certificate
az keyvault certificate create \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name app-tls-cert \
  --policy '{
    "issuerParameters": {"name": "Self"},
    "keyProperties": {"exportable": true, "keySize": 4096, "keyType": "RSA"},
    "secretProperties": {"contentType": "application/x-pkcs12"},
    "x509CertificateProperties": {
      "subject": "CN=app.example.com",
      "subjectAlternativeNames": {"dnsNames": ["app.example.com", "*.app.example.com"]},
      "validityInMonths": 12,
      "keyUsage": ["digitalSignature", "keyEncipherment"],
      "ekus": ["1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1"]
    },
    "lifetimeActions": [
      {"trigger": {"daysBeforeExpiry": 30}, "action": {"actionType": "AutoRenew"}}
    ]
  }'

# Import a certificate
az keyvault certificate import \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name imported-cert \
  --file certificate.pfx \
  --password "pfx-password"

# Download certificate
az keyvault certificate download \
  --vault-name myapp-vault-prod \
  --name app-tls-cert \
  --file cert.pem \
  --encoding PEM

# List certificates
az keyvault certificate list --vault-name myapp-vault-prod -o table
```

## Access Policies and RBAC

### RBAC (Recommended)

```bash
# Grant secret reader access to a managed identity
az role assignment create \
  --role "Key Vault Secrets User" \
  --assignee-object-id "$(az identity show -g rg-app -n myapp-identity --query principalId -o tsv)" \
  --scope "/subscriptions/{sub}/resourceGroups/rg-secrets/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/myapp-vault-prod"

# Grant admin access to security team
az role assignment create \
  --role "Key Vault Administrator" \
  --assignee "[email protected]" \
  --scope "/subscriptions/{sub}/resourceGroups/rg-secrets/providers/Microsoft.KeyVault/vaults/myapp-vault-prod"

# Available Key Vault RBAC roles:
# - Key Vault Administrator (full management)
# - Key Vault Secrets Officer (manage secrets)
# - Key Vault Secrets User (read secrets)
# - Key Vault Certificates Officer (manage certs)
# - Key Vault Crypto Officer (manage keys)
# - Key Vault Crypto User (use keys for encrypt/decrypt)
# - Key Vault Reader (read metadata only)
```

### Access Policies (Legacy)

```bash
# Grant secret access via access policy
az keyvault set-policy \
  --name myapp-vault-prod \
  --object-id "$(az identity show -g rg-app -n myapp-identity --query principalId -o tsv)" \
  --secret-permissions get list

# Grant key access
az keyvault set-policy \
  --name myapp-vault-prod \
  --object-id "$OBJECT_ID" \
  --key-permissions get unwrapKey wrapKey

# Grant certificate access
az keyvault set-policy \
  --name myapp-vault-prod \
  --object-id "$OBJECT_ID" \
  --certificate-permissions get list
```

## Application Integration

### Python SDK

```python
from azure.identity import DefaultAzureCredential, ManagedIdentityCredential
from azure.keyva