ctf-misc

What this skill does

# CTF Miscellaneous

Quick reference for miscellaneous CTF challenges. Each technique has a one-liner here; see supporting files for full details.

## Prerequisites

**Python packages (all platforms):**
```bash
pip install z3-solver pwntools Pillow numpy requests dnslib
```

**Linux (apt):**
```bash
apt install ffmpeg qrencode
```

**macOS (Homebrew):**
```bash
brew install ffmpeg qrencode
```

**Manual install:**
- SageMath — Linux: `apt install sagemath`, macOS: `brew install --cask sage`

## Additional Resources

- [pyjails.md](pyjails.md) - Python jail/sandbox escape techniques, quine context detection, restricted character repunit decomposition, func_globals module chain traversal, restricted charset number generation, class attribute persistence, f-string config injection via stored eval
- [bashjails.md](bashjails.md) - Bash jail/restricted shell escape techniques, HISTFILE file read trick, bash -v verbose mode, ctypes.sh direct C library calls
- [encodings.md](encodings.md) - Encodings, QR codes, esolangs, UTF-16 tricks, BCD encoding, multi-layer auto-decoding, indexed directory QR reassembly, multi-stage URL encoding chains
- [encodings-advanced.md](encodings-advanced.md) - Verilog/HDL, Gray code cyclic encoding, RTF custom tag extraction, SMS PDU decoding, multi-encoding sequential solvers, UTF-9, pixel binary encoding, hexadecimal Sudoku + QR assembly, TOPKEK, MaxiCode
- [rf-sdr.md](rf-sdr.md) - RF/SDR/IQ signal processing (QAM-16, carrier recovery, timing sync)
- [dns.md](dns.md) - DNS exploitation (ECS spoofing, NSEC walking, IXFR, rebinding, tunneling)
- [games-and-vms.md](games-and-vms.md) - WASM patching, Roblox place file reversing, PyInstaller, marshal analysis, Python env RCE, Z3 (including boolean logic gate network SAT solving), K8s RBAC, floating-point precision exploitation, custom assembly language sandbox escape via Python MRO chain
- [games-and-vms-2.md](games-and-vms-2.md) - Cookie checkpoint game brute-forcing, Flask cookie game state leakage, WebSocket game manipulation, server time-only validation bypass, De Bruijn sequence, Brainfuck instrumentation, WASM linear memory manipulation
- [games-and-vms-3.md](games-and-vms-3.md) - memfd_create packed binaries, multi-phase crypto games with HMAC commitment-reveal and GF(256) Nim, emulator ROM-switching state preservation, Python marshal code injection, Benford's Law bypass, parallel connection oracle relay, nonogram solver pipelines, 100 prisoners problem, C code jail escape via emoji identifiers, BuildKit daemon build secret exploitation, Docker container escape, Levenshtein distance oracle attack, taint analysis bypass via type coercion, shredded document pixel-edge reassembly
- [games-and-vms-4.md](games-and-vms-4.md) - Part 4 (2018-era): XSLT as Turing-complete VM, JavaScript MAX_SAFE_INTEGER successor equality, binary search oracle in comparison-only DSL, blind SQLi via script-engine timeout error, OEIS sequence lookup automation, QR code reassembly from format-string constraints, matrix exponentiation for Fibonacci recurrence, Tribonacci for frog-jump counting, Selenium + Tesseract dynamic CAPTCHA, Brainfuck→Piet multi-layer polyglot, bytebeat synth code recognition
- [linux-privesc.md](linux-privesc.md) - Sudo wildcard parameter injection (fnmatch), crafted pcap for sudoers.d, monit confcheck process injection, Apache -d override, backup cronjob SUID, PostgreSQL COPY TO PROGRAM RCE, PostgreSQL backup credential extraction, NFS share exploitation, SSH Unix socket tunneling, PaperCut Print Deploy privesc, Squid proxy pivoting, Zabbix admin password reset via MySQL, WinSSHTerm credential decryption
- [ctfd-navigation.md](ctfd-navigation.md) - CTFd platform API navigation without browser: detection, token auth, challenge listing, file download, flag submission, scoreboard, hints, notifications, Python client class

---

## When to Pivot

- If the puzzle is actually centered on cryptography or number theory, switch to `/ctf-crypto`.
- If the challenge is a real binary exploit instead of a jail, toy VM, or encoding problem, switch to `/ctf-pwn` or `/ctf-reverse`.
- If the input is mostly files, images, audio, or packet captures that need recovery work first, switch to `/ctf-forensics`.
- For ML/AI techniques (model attacks, adversarial examples, LLM jailbreaking), see `/ctf-ai-ml`.

## Quick Start Commands

```bash
# File identification
file mystery_file
xxd mystery_file | head -5
python3 -c "import magic; print(magic.from_file('mystery_file'))"

# Encoding detection
python3 -c "import base64; print(base64.b64decode('<data>'))"
echo '<data>' | base64 -d
echo '<hex>' | xxd -r -p

# QR code
zbarimg qr.png
python3 -c "from pyzbar.pyzbar import decode; from PIL import Image; print(decode(Image.open('qr.png')))"

# Z3 constraint solving
python3 -c "from z3 import *; x=BitVec('x',32); s=Solver(); s.add(x^0xdead==0xbeef); s.check(); print(s.model())"

# Python jail test
python3 -c "__import__('os').system('id')"
```

## General Tips

- Read all provided files carefully
- Check file metadata, hidden content, encoding
- Power Automate scripts may hide API calls
- Use binary search when guessing multiple answers

## Common Encodings

```bash
# Base64
echo "encoded" | base64 -d

# Base32 (A-Z2-7=)
echo "OBUWG32D..." | base32 -d

# Hex
echo "68656c6c6f" | xxd -r -p

# ROT13
echo "uryyb" | tr 'a-zA-Z' 'n-za-mN-ZA-M'
```

**Identify by charset:**
- Base64: `A-Za-z0-9+/=`
- Base32: `A-Z2-7=` (no lowercase)
- Hex: `0-9a-fA-F`

See [encodings.md](encodings.md) for Caesar brute force, URL encoding, and full details.

## IEEE-754 Float Encoding (Data Hiding)

**Pattern (Floating):** Numbers are float32 values hiding raw bytes.

**Key insight:** A 32-bit float is just 4 bytes interpreted as a number. Reinterpret as raw bytes -> ASCII.

```python
import struct
floats = [1.234e5, -3.456e-7, ...]  # Whatever the challenge gives
flag = b''
for f in floats:
    flag += struct.pack('>f', f)
print(flag.decode())
```

**Variations:** Double `'>d'`, little-endian `'<f'`, mixed. See [encodings.md](encodings.md) for CyberChef recipe.

## USB Mouse PCAP Reconstruction

**Pattern (Hunt and Peck):** USB HID mouse traffic captures on-screen keyboard typing. Use USB-Mouse-Pcap-Visualizer, extract click coordinates (falling edges), cumsum relative deltas for absolute positions, overlay on OSK image.

## File Type Detection

```bash
file unknown_file
xxd unknown_file | head
binwalk unknown_file
```

## Archive Extraction

```bash
7z x archive.7z           # Universal
tar -xzf archive.tar.gz   # Gzip
tar -xjf archive.tar.bz2  # Bzip2
tar -xJf archive.tar.xz   # XZ
```

### Nested Archive Script
```bash
while f=$(ls *.tar* *.gz *.bz2 *.xz *.zip *.7z 2>/dev/null|head -1) && [ -n "$f" ]; do
    7z x -y "$f" && rm "$f"
done
```

## QR Codes

```bash
zbarimg qrcode.png       # Decode
qrencode -o out.png "data"
```

**MaxiCode barcode:** Hexagonal 2D barcode with bullseye center; decode with `zxing` (Java) since standard QR decoders fail. See [encodings-advanced.md](encodings-advanced.md#maxicode-2d-barcode-decoding-csaw-ctf-2016).

**TOPKEK encoding:** CTF-specific binary encoding where `KEK=0`, `TOP=1`, `!` suffix = repeat count. See [encodings-advanced.md](encodings-advanced.md#topkek-binary-encoding-hack-the-vote-2016).

See [encodings.md](encodings.md) for QR structure, repair techniques, chunk reassembly (structural and indexed-directory variants), and multi-stage URL encoding chains.

## Audio Challenges

```bash
sox audio.wav -n spectrogram  # Visual data
qsstv                          # SSTV decoder
```

## RF / SDR / IQ Signal Processing

See [rf-sdr.md](rf-sdr.md) for full details (IQ formats, QAM-16 demod, carrier/timing recovery).

**Quick reference:**
- **cf32**: `np.fromfile(path, dtype=np.complex64)` | **cs16**: int16 reshape(-1,2) | **cu8**: RTL-SDR raw
- Circles in constellation = constant frequency offset; Spirals = drifting frequency + gain instability
- 4-fold ambiguity in DD carrier recovery - t