data-migration-scripts
Create safe, reversible database migration scripts with rollback capabilities, data validation, and zero-downtime deployments. Use when changing database schemas, migrating data between systems, or performing large-scale data transformations.
What this skill does
# Data Migration Scripts
## Table of Contents
- [Overview](#overview)
- [When to Use](#when-to-use)
- [Quick Start](#quick-start)
- [Reference Guides](#reference-guides)
- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
## Overview
Create robust, safe, and reversible data migration scripts for database schema changes and data transformations with minimal downtime.
## When to Use
- Database schema changes
- Adding/removing/modifying columns
- Migrating between database systems
- Data transformations and cleanup
- Splitting or merging tables
- Changing data types
- Adding indexes and constraints
- Backfilling data
- Multi-tenant data migrations
## Quick Start
Minimal working example:
```typescript
import { Knex } from "knex";
// migrations/20240101000000_add_user_preferences.ts
export async function up(knex: Knex): Promise<void> {
// Create new table
await knex.schema.createTable("user_preferences", (table) => {
table.uuid("id").primary().defaultTo(knex.raw("gen_random_uuid()"));
table
.uuid("user_id")
.notNullable()
.references("id")
.inTable("users")
.onDelete("CASCADE");
table.jsonb("preferences").defaultTo("{}");
table.timestamp("created_at").defaultTo(knex.fn.now());
table.timestamp("updated_at").defaultTo(knex.fn.now());
table.index("user_id");
});
// Migrate existing data
await knex.raw(`
INSERT INTO user_preferences (user_id, preferences)
SELECT id, jsonb_build_object(
'theme', COALESCE(theme, 'light'),
// ... (see reference guides for full implementation)
```
## Reference Guides
Detailed implementations in the `references/` directory:
| Guide | Contents |
|---|---|
| [Knex.js Migrations (Node.js)](references/knexjs-migrations-nodejs.md) | Knex.js Migrations (Node.js) |
| [Alembic Migrations (Python/SQLAlchemy)](references/alembic-migrations-pythonsqlalchemy.md) | Alembic Migrations (Python/SQLAlchemy) |
| [Large Data Migration with Batching](references/large-data-migration-with-batching.md) | Large Data Migration with Batching |
| [Zero-Downtime Migration Pattern](references/zero-downtime-migration-pattern.md) | Zero-Downtime Migration Pattern |
| [Migration Validation](references/migration-validation.md) | Migration Validation |
| [Cross-Database Migration](references/cross-database-migration.md) | Cross-Database Migration |
## Best Practices
### ✅ DO
- Always write both `up` and `down` migrations
- Test migrations on production-like data
- Use transactions for atomic operations
- Process large datasets in batches
- Add indexes after data insertion
- Validate data after migration
- Log progress and errors
- Use feature flags for application code changes
- Back up database before running migrations
- Test rollback procedures
- Document migration side effects
- Version control all migrations
- Use idempotent operations
### ❌ DON'T
- Run untested migrations on production
- Make breaking changes without backwards compatibility
- Process millions of rows in single transaction
- Skip rollback implementation
- Ignore migration failures
- Modify old migrations
- Delete data without backups
- Run migrations manually in production
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