deployment-patterns
Deployment iş akışları, CI/CD pipeline kalıpları, Docker konteynerizasyonu, sağlık kontrolleri, rollback stratejileri ve web uygulamaları için üretim hazırlığı kontrol listeleri.
What this skill does
# Deployment Kalıpları
Üretim deployment iş akışları ve CI/CD en iyi uygulamaları.
## Ne Zaman Aktifleştirmeli
- CI/CD pipeline'ları kurarken
- Bir uygulamayı Docker'ize ederken
- Deployment stratejisi planlarken (blue-green, canary, rolling)
- Sağlık kontrolleri ve hazırlık probe'ları uygularken
- Üretim yayınına hazırlanırken
- Ortama özgü ayarları yapılandırırken
## Deployment Stratejileri
### Rolling Deployment (Varsayılan)
Instance'ları kademeli olarak değiştir — rollout sırasında eski ve yeni versiyonlar birlikte çalışır.
```
Instance 1: v1 → v2 (önce güncelle)
Instance 2: v1 (hala v1 çalışıyor)
Instance 3: v1 (hala v1 çalışıyor)
Instance 1: v2
Instance 2: v1 → v2 (ikinci olarak güncelle)
Instance 3: v1
Instance 1: v2
Instance 2: v2
Instance 3: v1 → v2 (son olarak güncelle)
```
**Artıları:** Sıfır kesinti, kademeli rollout
**Eksileri:** İki versiyon aynı anda çalışır — geriye uyumlu değişiklikler gerektirir
**Ne zaman kullanılır:** Standart deployment'lar, geriye uyumlu değişiklikler
### Blue-Green Deployment
İki özdeş ortam çalıştır. Trafiği atomik olarak değiştir.
```
Blue (v1) ← trafik
Green (v2) boşta, yeni versiyon çalışıyor
# Doğrulamadan sonra:
Blue (v1) boşta (yedek haline gelir)
Green (v2) ← trafik
```
**Artıları:** Anında rollback (blue'ya geri dön), temiz geçiş
**Eksileri:** Deployment sırasında 2x altyapı gerektirir
**Ne zaman kullanılır:** Kritik servisler, sorunlara sıfır tolerans
### Canary Deployment
Önce trafiğin küçük bir yüzdesini yeni versiyona yönlendir.
```
v1: %95 trafik
v2: %5 trafik (canary)
# Metrikler iyi görünüyorsa:
v1: %50 trafik
v2: %50 trafik
# Final:
v2: %100 trafik
```
**Artıları:** Tam rollout'tan önce gerçek trafikle sorunları yakalar
**Eksileri:** Trafik bölme altyapısı, izleme gerektirir
**Ne zaman kullanılır:** Yüksek trafikli servisler, riskli değişiklikler, feature flag'ler
## Docker
### Multi-Stage Dockerfile (Node.js)
```dockerfile
# Stage 1: Bağımlılıkları yükle
FROM node:22-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --production=false
# Stage 2: Build
FROM node:22-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
RUN npm prune --production
# Stage 3: Production image
FROM node:22-alpine AS runner
WORKDIR /app
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S appgroup && adduser -S appuser -u 1001
USER appuser
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/package.json ./
ENV NODE_ENV=production
EXPOSE 3000
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]
```
### Multi-Stage Dockerfile (Go)
```dockerfile
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o /server ./cmd/server
FROM alpine:3.19 AS runner
RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates
RUN adduser -D -u 1001 appuser
USER appuser
COPY --from=builder /server /server
EXPOSE 8080
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s CMD wget -qO- http://localhost:8080/health || exit 1
CMD ["/server"]
```
### Multi-Stage Dockerfile (Python/Django)
```dockerfile
FROM python:3.12-slim AS builder
WORKDIR /app
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir uv
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN uv pip install --system --no-cache -r requirements.txt
FROM python:3.12-slim AS runner
WORKDIR /app
RUN useradd -r -u 1001 appuser
USER appuser
COPY --from=builder /usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages /usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages
COPY --from=builder /usr/local/bin /usr/local/bin
COPY . .
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
EXPOSE 8000
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s CMD python -c "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://localhost:8000/health/')" || exit 1
CMD ["gunicorn", "config.wsgi:application", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "--workers", "4"]
```
### Docker En İyi Uygulamaları
```
# İYİ uygulamalar
- Belirli versiyon tag'leri kullanın (node:22-alpine, node:latest değil)
- Image boyutunu minimize etmek için multi-stage build'ler
- Root olmayan kullanıcı olarak çalıştır
- Önce bağımlılık dosyalarını kopyalayın (layer caching)
- node_modules, .git, test'leri hariç tutmak için .dockerignore kullanın
- HEALTHCHECK talimatı ekleyin
- docker-compose veya k8s'te kaynak limitleri ayarlayın
# KÖTÜ uygulamalar
- Root olarak çalıştırmak
- :latest tag'lerini kullanmak
- Tüm repo'yu tek COPY layer'da kopyalamak
- Production image'de dev bağımlılıklarını yüklemek
- Image'de secret'ları saklamak (env var veya secrets manager kullanın)
```
## CI/CD Pipeline
### GitHub Actions (Standart Pipeline)
```yaml
name: CI/CD
on:
push:
branches: [main]
pull_request:
branches: [main]
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 22
cache: npm
- run: npm ci
- run: npm run lint
- run: npm run typecheck
- run: npm test -- --coverage
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
if: always()
with:
name: coverage
path: coverage/
build:
needs: test
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
- uses: docker/login-action@v3
with:
registry: ghcr.io
username: ${{ github.actor }}
password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
- uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
with:
push: true
tags: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
cache-from: type=gha
cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
deploy:
needs: build
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
environment: production
steps:
- name: Deploy to production
run: |
# Platforma özgü deployment komutu
# Railway: railway up
# Vercel: vercel --prod
# K8s: kubectl set image deployment/app app=ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ github.sha }}
echo "Deploying ${{ github.sha }}"
```
### Pipeline Aşamaları
```
PR açıldığında:
lint → typecheck → unit tests → integration tests → preview deploy
Main'e merge edildiğinde:
lint → typecheck → unit tests → integration tests → build image → deploy staging → smoke tests → deploy production
```
## Sağlık Kontrolleri
### Sağlık Kontrolü Endpoint'i
```typescript
// Basit sağlık kontrolü
app.get("/health", (req, res) => {
res.status(200).json({ status: "ok" });
});
// Detaylı sağlık kontrolü (dahili izleme için)
app.get("/health/detailed", async (req, res) => {
const checks = {
database: await checkDatabase(),
redis: await checkRedis(),
externalApi: await checkExternalApi(),
};
const allHealthy = Object.values(checks).every(c => c.status === "ok");
res.status(allHealthy ? 200 : 503).json({
status: allHealthy ? "ok" : "degraded",
timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
version: process.env.APP_VERSION || "unknown",
uptime: process.uptime(),
checks,
});
});
async function checkDatabase(): Promise<HealthCheck> {
try {
await db.query("SELECT 1");
return { status: "ok", latency_ms: 2 };
} catch (err) {
return { status: "error", message: "Database unreachable" };
}
}
```
### Kubernetes Probe'ları
```yaml
livenessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /health
port: 3000
initialDelaySeconds: 10
periodSeconds: 30
failureThreshold: 3
readinessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /health
port: 3000
initialDelaySeconds: 5
periodSeconds: 10
failureThreshold: 2
startupProbe:
httpGet:
path: /health
port: 3000
initialDelaySeconds: 0
periodSeconds: 5
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