dotnet-expert

What this skill does

# .NET Expert

Senior .NET 9 / ASP.NET Core specialist with expertise in clean architecture, CQRS, and modular monolith patterns.

## Role Definition

You are a senior .NET engineer building production-grade APIs with ASP.NET Core, Entity Framework Core 9, MediatR, and FluentValidation. You follow clean architecture principles with a pragmatic approach.

## Core Principles

1. **Result pattern over exceptions** for business logic — exceptions for infrastructure only
2. **CQRS with MediatR** — separate commands (writes) from queries (reads)
3. **FluentValidation** for all input validation in the pipeline
4. **Modular monolith** — organized by feature/domain, not by technical layer
5. **Strongly-typed IDs** to prevent primitive obsession
6. **Async all the way** — never `.Result` or `.Wait()`

---

## Project Structure (Modular Monolith)

```
src/
├── Api/                          # ASP.NET Core host
│   ├── Program.cs
│   ├── appsettings.json
│   └── Endpoints/                # Minimal API endpoint definitions
├── Modules/
│   ├── Users/
│   │   ├── Users.Core/           # Domain entities, interfaces
│   │   ├── Users.Application/    # Commands, queries, handlers
│   │   └── Users.Infrastructure/ # EF Core, external services
│   ├── Orders/
│   │   ├── Orders.Core/
│   │   ├── Orders.Application/
│   │   └── Orders.Infrastructure/
│   └── Shared/
│       ├── Shared.Core/          # Common abstractions
│       └── Shared.Infrastructure/# Cross-cutting concerns
└── Tests/
    ├── Users.Tests/
    └── Orders.Tests/
```

---

## Minimal API Patterns

### Basic Endpoint Group

```csharp
// Api/Endpoints/UserEndpoints.cs
public static class UserEndpoints
{
    public static void MapUserEndpoints(this IEndpointRouteBuilder app)
    {
        var group = app.MapGroup("/api/users")
            .WithTags("Users")
            .RequireAuthorization();

        group.MapGet("/", GetUsers);
        group.MapGet("/{id:guid}", GetUserById);
        group.MapPost("/", CreateUser);
        group.MapPut("/{id:guid}", UpdateUser);
        group.MapDelete("/{id:guid}", DeleteUser);
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> GetUsers(
        [AsParameters] GetUsersQuery query,
        ISender mediator,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var result = await mediator.Send(query, ct);
        return result.Match(
            success => Results.Ok(success),
            error => Results.Problem(error.ToProblemDetails()));
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> GetUserById(
        Guid id,
        ISender mediator,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var result = await mediator.Send(new GetUserByIdQuery(id), ct);
        return result.Match(
            success => Results.Ok(success),
            error => error.Type == ErrorType.NotFound
                ? Results.NotFound()
                : Results.Problem(error.ToProblemDetails()));
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> CreateUser(
        CreateUserCommand command,
        ISender mediator,
        CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var result = await mediator.Send(command, ct);
        return result.Match(
            success => Results.Created($"/api/users/{success.Id}", success),
            error => Results.Problem(error.ToProblemDetails()));
    }
}
```

### Program.cs Setup

```csharp
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

// Add modules
builder.Services.AddUsersModule(builder.Configuration);
builder.Services.AddOrdersModule(builder.Configuration);

// Add shared infrastructure
builder.Services.AddMediatR(cfg =>
    cfg.RegisterServicesFromAssemblies(
        typeof(UsersModule).Assembly,
        typeof(OrdersModule).Assembly));

builder.Services.AddValidatorsFromAssemblies(new[]
{
    typeof(UsersModule).Assembly,
    typeof(OrdersModule).Assembly,
});

// Add validation pipeline behavior
builder.Services.AddTransient(typeof(IPipelineBehavior<,>), typeof(ValidationBehavior<,>));

builder.Services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
    .AddJwtBearer(options =>
    {
        options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
        {
            ValidateIssuer = true,
            ValidateAudience = true,
            ValidateLifetime = true,
            ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
            ValidIssuer = builder.Configuration["Jwt:Issuer"],
            ValidAudience = builder.Configuration["Jwt:Audience"],
            IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(
                Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(builder.Configuration["Jwt:Key"]!)),
        };
    });

builder.Services.AddAuthorization();

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();

app.MapUserEndpoints();
app.MapOrderEndpoints();

app.Run();
```

---

## Result Pattern

### Result Type

```csharp
// Shared.Core/Result.cs
public sealed class Result<T>
{
    public T? Value { get; }
    public Error? Error { get; }
    public bool IsSuccess { get; }

    private Result(T value) { Value = value; IsSuccess = true; }
    private Result(Error error) { Error = error; IsSuccess = false; }

    public static Result<T> Success(T value) => new(value);
    public static Result<T> Failure(Error error) => new(error);

    public TResult Match<TResult>(
        Func<T, TResult> onSuccess,
        Func<Error, TResult> onFailure) =>
        IsSuccess ? onSuccess(Value!) : onFailure(Error!);
}

public sealed record Error(string Code, string Message, ErrorType Type = ErrorType.Failure)
{
    public static Error NotFound(string code, string message) => new(code, message, ErrorType.NotFound);
    public static Error Validation(string code, string message) => new(code, message, ErrorType.Validation);
    public static Error Conflict(string code, string message) => new(code, message, ErrorType.Conflict);
    public static Error Forbidden(string code, string message) => new(code, message, ErrorType.Forbidden);

    public ProblemDetails ToProblemDetails() => new()
    {
        Title = Code,
        Detail = Message,
        Status = Type switch
        {
            ErrorType.NotFound => StatusCodes.Status404NotFound,
            ErrorType.Validation => StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest,
            ErrorType.Conflict => StatusCodes.Status409Conflict,
            ErrorType.Forbidden => StatusCodes.Status403Forbidden,
            _ => StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError,
        },
    };
}

public enum ErrorType { Failure, NotFound, Validation, Conflict, Forbidden }
```

### Usage in Handlers

```csharp
// No exceptions for business logic!
public sealed class CreateUserHandler : IRequestHandler<CreateUserCommand, Result<UserResponse>>
{
    private readonly AppDbContext _db;

    public CreateUserHandler(AppDbContext db) => _db = db;

    public async Task<Result<UserResponse>> Handle(
        CreateUserCommand command, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Business rule validation returns errors, not exceptions
        var existingUser = await _db.Users
            .AnyAsync(u => u.Email == command.Email, ct);

        if (existingUser)
            return Result<UserResponse>.Failure(
                Error.Conflict("User.DuplicateEmail", "A user with this email already exists"));

        var user = new User
        {
            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
            Email = command.Email,
            Name = command.Name,
            CreatedAt = DateTime.UtcNow,
        };

        _db.Users.Add(user);
        await _db.SaveChangesAsync(ct);

        return Result<UserResponse>.Success(user.ToResponse());
    }
}
```

---

## MediatR CQRS

### Commands (Write Operations)

```csharp
// Users.Application/Commands/CreateUserCommand.cs
public sealed record CreateUserCommand(
    string Email,
    string Name,
    string Password) : IRequest<Result<UserResponse>>;
```

### Queries (Read Operations)

```csharp
// Users.Application/Queries/GetUsersQuery.cs
public sealed record GetUsersQuery(
    int Page = 1,
    int PageSize = 20,
    string? Search = null) : IReque