go-backend-microservices
Go backend development best practices for microservices with clean architecture, observability, and production-ready patterns
What this skill does
# Go Backend Development for Microservices
## Core Principles
- Apply Clean Architecture with clear separation into handlers, services, repositories, and domain models
- Prioritize interface-driven development with explicit dependency injection
- Write short, focused functions with a single responsibility
- Ensure safe use of goroutines, and guard shared state with channels or sync primitives
## Project Structure
Maintain modular project structure with clear directories:
```
project/
├── cmd/ # Application entry points
├── internal/ # Private application code
├── pkg/ # Public library code
├── api/ # API definitions (OpenAPI, protobuf)
├── configs/ # Configuration files
└── test/ # Additional test utilities
```
## Error Handling
- Always check and handle errors explicitly
- Use wrapped errors for traceability: `fmt.Errorf("context: %w", err)`
- Create custom error types for domain-specific errors
- Return errors up the call stack with appropriate context
- Log errors at the appropriate level with sufficient context
## Context Propagation
- Use context propagation for request-scoped values, deadlines, and cancellations
- Pass context as the first parameter to functions
- Respect context cancellation in long-running operations
- Set appropriate timeouts for external calls
## Observability
Implement OpenTelemetry for comprehensive observability:
### Distributed Tracing
- Add spans for significant operations
- Propagate trace context across service boundaries
- Include relevant attributes in spans
### Metrics
- Implement custom metrics for business operations
- Use standard metric types (counters, gauges, histograms)
- Export metrics in Prometheus format
### Structured Logging
- Use structured logging with consistent field names
- Include trace IDs in log entries
- Log at appropriate levels (debug, info, warn, error)
## Security
- Apply input validation rigorously on all external inputs
- Use secure defaults for JWT tokens and cookies
- Implement proper authentication and authorization
- Sanitize data before logging to avoid leaking sensitive information
- Use prepared statements for database queries
## Testing
### Unit Tests
- Write table-driven unit tests with adequate coverage
- Use parallel test execution where safe
- Mock external dependencies using interfaces
- Focus on testing business logic
### Integration Tests
- Separate integration tests from unit tests
- Use test containers for database and service dependencies
- Test actual API endpoints and responses
## Concurrency
- Use goroutines appropriately for concurrent operations
- Guard shared state with channels or sync primitives
- Implement proper graceful shutdown
- Use worker pools for bounded concurrency
## Documentation
- Document with GoDoc-style comments
- Keep comments up to date with code changes
- Document public APIs thoroughly
- Include examples in documentation where helpful
## CI/CD Integration
- Maintain CI integration for linting and testing
- Use golangci-lint for comprehensive linting
- Run tests on every pull request
- Include code coverage reporting
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