go-performance
Use when writing, reviewing, or optimizing Go code for performance. Covers string operations, memory allocation, preallocating slices and maps, strings.Builder, strconv, container-aware GOMAXPROCS, and runtime considerations for Go 1.25.
What this skill does
# Go Performance
Performance optimization patterns for production Go.
## Prefer strconv Over fmt
`strconv` is faster for primitive conversions.
```go
// Slower
s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
// Faster
s := strconv.Itoa(n)
```
## Avoid Repeated String to Byte Conversions
```go
// Wrong: converts on every iteration
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
w.Write([]byte("hello"))
}
// Correct
data := []byte("hello")
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
w.Write(data)
}
```
## Specify Map Capacity
```go
// Wrong
m := make(map[string]int)
// Correct when size is known
m := make(map[string]int, len(items))
```
## Preallocate Slice Capacity
```go
// Wrong
var result []Item
for _, v := range input {
result = append(result, transform(v))
}
// Correct
result := make([]Item, 0, len(input))
for _, v := range input {
result = append(result, transform(v))
}
```
## Use strings.Builder for Concatenation
```go
// Wrong: creates many allocations
var s string
for _, part := range parts {
s += part
}
// Correct
var b strings.Builder
b.Grow(totalLen) // optional: preallocate
for _, part := range parts {
b.WriteString(part)
}
s := b.String()
```
## Container-Aware GOMAXPROCS (Go 1.25+)
Go 1.25 automatically adjusts GOMAXPROCS based on container CPU limits.
```go
// On Linux with cgroups, GOMAXPROCS now considers:
// - CPU bandwidth limits (CPU limit in Kubernetes)
// - Changes dynamically if limits change
// Automatic behavior is disabled if you set GOMAXPROCS explicitly:
// - Via GOMAXPROCS environment variable
// - Via runtime.GOMAXPROCS() call
```
This means Go programs in containers perform better out-of-the-box without manual GOMAXPROCS tuning.
## Resource Management (Go 1.24+)
### runtime.AddCleanup
Prefer `runtime.AddCleanup` over `runtime.SetFinalizer` for cleanup operations.
```go
func NewResource() *Resource {
r := &Resource{handle: allocHandle()}
runtime.AddCleanup(r, func(handle uintptr) {
freeHandle(handle)
}, r.handle)
return r
}
```
Advantages over `SetFinalizer`:
- Multiple cleanups per object
- Works with interior pointers
- No cycle-related leaks
- Object freed promptly (single GC cycle)
### Weak Pointers (Go 1.24+)
The `weak` package provides weak references that don't prevent garbage collection.
```go
import "weak"
type Cache struct {
mu sync.Mutex
items map[string]weak.Pointer[ExpensiveResource]
}
func (c *Cache) Get(key string) *ExpensiveResource {
c.mu.Lock()
defer c.mu.Unlock()
if wp, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
if r := wp.Value(); r != nil {
return r
}
delete(c.items, key)
}
return nil
}
```
Use cases: caches, canonicalization maps, observer patterns.
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