implementing-privileged-session-monitoring

What this skill does

# Implementing Privileged Session Monitoring

## When to Use

- Deploying or configuring session recording for all privileged access to critical servers and databases
- Meeting compliance requirements (PCI-DSS 10.2, SOX, HIPAA, ISO 27001) that mandate privileged activity monitoring
- Investigating an incident where an administrator or third-party vendor may have performed unauthorized actions
- Implementing real-time alerting for high-risk commands executed during privileged sessions
- Establishing a forensic audit trail of all administrative actions on production infrastructure

**Do not use** for monitoring standard user sessions or endpoint activity; use EDR/UBA solutions for general user behavior monitoring. Privileged session monitoring focuses specifically on elevated-access sessions.

## Prerequisites

- CyberArk PAM Self-Hosted or Privilege Cloud deployment with Digital Vault configured
- CyberArk Privileged Session Manager (PSM) or PSM for SSH (PSMP) installed on a hardened Windows/Linux jump server
- Network architecture where all privileged access is routed through the PSM proxy (no direct RDP/SSH to targets)
- PVWA (Password Vault Web Access) deployed and accessible for session review
- Active Directory integration for authenticating PAM users
- Sufficient storage for session recordings (estimate: 50-250 KB per minute for RDP, 5-20 KB per minute for SSH)
- Alternatively for open-source: Teleport, Apache Guacamole with session recording, or `script`/`ttyrec` for Linux

## Workflow

### Step 1: Architecture — Route All Privileged Access Through PSM

Ensure no direct privileged access bypasses the recording proxy:

```
Architecture Overview:

  Admin User ──> PVWA (Web Portal) ──> PSM (Jump Server) ──> Target Server
       │                                     │                     │
       │         Credentials never           │   Session is        │
       │         exposed to admin            │   recorded and      │
       │                                     │   stored in Vault   │
       └── MFA + AD Auth ──────────────────> │                     │
                                              └── RDP/SSH proxy ──>│

Network Controls:
- Firewall: DENY direct RDP (3389) and SSH (22) to target servers from user networks
- Firewall: ALLOW RDP/SSH to target servers ONLY from PSM server IPs
- Firewall: ALLOW PVWA access (443) from admin user networks
- PSM server: Hardened, no internet access, local admin access restricted
```

### Step 2: Configure PSM Connection Components

Define how PSM connects to target systems. In the PVWA administration console:

```
PVWA > Administration > Configuration > Connection Components

For Windows RDP targets:
  Connection Component: PSM-RDP
  Protocol: RDP
  Client Application: mstsc.exe
  Recording Settings:
    Record Sessions: Yes
    Recording Format: AVI (video) + Keystrokes (text)
    Record Windows Titles: Yes

For Linux SSH targets:
  Connection Component: PSM-SSH
  Protocol: SSH
  Client Application: PSM-SecureCRT or PSM-Putty
  Recording Settings:
    Record Sessions: Yes
    Recording Format: AVI + Text commands
    Record Unix Commands: Yes

For Database targets (SQL Server Management Studio):
  Connection Component: PSM-SSMS
  Protocol: Custom
  Client Application: SSMS.exe
  Recording Settings:
    Record Sessions: Yes
    Record SQL Queries: Yes (via keystroke logging)
```

### Step 3: Configure Session Recording Policies

Define recording rules based on risk level and compliance requirements:

```
PVWA > Administration > Platform Management > [Platform] > Session Management

Session Recording Settings:
  Enable Session Recording: Yes
  Recording Type: Record and Save (not just Monitor)

  Keystroke Logging:
    Enable Transcript: Yes
    Enable Window Events: Yes

  Storage:
    Recordings Storage Location: Vault (encrypted, tamper-proof)
    Retention Period: 90 days (adjust per compliance requirement)

    PCI-DSS:  Retain for 1 year, available for 3 months
    SOX:      Retain for 7 years
    HIPAA:    Retain for 6 years

  Compression:
    Enable Recording Compression: Yes
    Compression Level: Medium (balance storage vs. quality)
```

For granular control, configure per-safe recording policies:

```
Safe: Production-Servers-Admin
  Record all sessions: Yes

Safe: Development-Servers
  Record all sessions: No (optional for non-production)

Safe: Third-Party-Vendor-Access
  Record all sessions: Yes
  Enable real-time monitoring: Yes
  Require dual authorization: Yes
```

### Step 4: Enable Real-Time Session Monitoring

Configure live session monitoring for SOC analysts:

```
PVWA > Monitoring > Privileged Session Monitoring

Live Monitoring Dashboard:
  - Active Sessions: Shows all current privileged sessions in real-time
  - Session Details: User, target, duration, risk score
  - Actions Available:
    - Watch: View the session in real-time (read-only)
    - Suspend: Temporarily freeze the session
    - Terminate: Immediately end the session

Configure monitoring alerts in CyberArk Privileged Threat Analytics (PTA):

PTA > Configuration > Security Events

Rule: High-Risk Command Detected
  Trigger: Unix command matches pattern
  Patterns:
    - rm -rf /
    - chmod 777
    - iptables -F
    - useradd
    - passwd root
    - dd if=/dev/
    - wget http* | sh
    - curl * | bash
    - nc -e /bin/sh
    - python -c 'import socket,subprocess'
  Action: Alert SOC + Flag session as high-risk

Rule: Credential Access Attempt
  Trigger: Windows process matches
  Patterns:
    - mimikatz.exe
    - procdump.exe targeting lsass
    - ntdsutil.exe
    - secretsdump
  Action: Terminate session + Alert SOC + Lock account

Rule: Unusual Session Duration
  Trigger: Session duration exceeds 4 hours
  Action: Alert SOC for review
```

### Step 5: Configure Session Review Workflow

Set up the post-session review process for auditors:

```
PVWA > Recordings > Search and Review

Search Filters:
  - Date range
  - Target server
  - User who initiated the session
  - Safe name
  - Session risk score (from PTA)
  - Session duration

Review Workflow:
  1. Auditor opens recorded session in PVWA HTML5 player
  2. Video playback with timeline scrubbing
  3. Keystroke transcript displayed alongside video
  4. Window title log shows which applications were opened
  5. Risk events are highlighted on the timeline with markers
  6. Auditor marks session as: Reviewed-OK, Reviewed-Suspicious, or Requires-Investigation

Fast-Forward Features:
  - Jump to keystrokes (skip idle time)
  - Jump to risk events (flagged by PTA)
  - Text search within keystroke transcript
  - Filter by window title changes
```

### Step 6: Open-Source Alternative — Teleport for Session Recording

For environments without CyberArk, Teleport provides session recording for SSH, RDP, and Kubernetes:

```yaml
# /etc/teleport.yaml - Session recording configuration
teleport:
  nodename: teleport-proxy.corp.internal
  data_dir: /var/lib/teleport

auth_service:
  enabled: yes
  session_recording: "node-sync"  # Record at the node level, sync to auth server

  # Session recording storage (S3 for production)
  audit_sessions_uri: "s3://teleport-session-recordings/sessions?region=us-east-1"

  # Enhanced session recording (captures commands even in nested shells)
  enhanced_recording:
    enabled: true
    command_events: true
    network_events: true
    disk_events: true

ssh_service:
  enabled: yes
  enhanced_recording:
    enabled: true

proxy_service:
  enabled: yes
  web_listen_addr: 0.0.0.0:443
```

Query recorded sessions with `tsh`:

```bash
# List recorded sessions
tsh recordings ls --from=2026-03-15 --to=2026-03-19

# Play back a specific session
tsh play <session-id>

# Export session events as JSON (for SIEM ingestion)
tsh recordings export <session-id> --format=json > session_events.json

# Search for sessions containing specific commands
tsh recordings ls --query='command == "rm -rf"'
```

### Step 7: Forward Session Metadata to SIEM

Se