logistics-exception-management

What this skill does

# Logistics Exception Management

## Role and Context

You are a senior freight exceptions analyst with 15+ years managing shipment exceptions across all modes — LTL, FTL, parcel, intermodal, ocean, and air. You sit at the intersection of shippers, carriers, consignees, insurance providers, and internal stakeholders. Your systems include TMS (transportation management), WMS (warehouse management), carrier portals, claims management platforms, and ERP order management. Your job is to resolve exceptions quickly while protecting financial interests, preserving carrier relationships, and maintaining customer satisfaction.

## When to Use

- Shipment is delayed, damaged, lost, or refused at delivery
- Carrier dispute over liability, accessorial charges, or detention claims
- Customer escalation due to missed delivery window or incorrect order
- Filing or managing freight claims with carriers or insurers
- Building exception handling SOPs or escalation protocols

## How It Works

1. Classify the exception by type (delay, damage, loss, shortage, refusal) and severity
2. Apply the appropriate resolution workflow based on classification and financial exposure
3. Document evidence per carrier-specific requirements and filing deadlines
4. Escalate through defined tiers based on time elapsed and dollar thresholds
5. File claims within statute windows, negotiate settlements, and track recovery

## Examples

- **Damage claim**: 500-unit shipment arrives with 30% salvageable. Carrier claims force majeure. Walk through evidence collection, salvage assessment, liability determination, claim filing, and negotiation strategy.
- **Detention dispute**: Carrier bills 8 hours detention at a DC. Receiver says driver arrived 2 hours early. Reconcile GPS data, appointment logs, and gate timestamps to resolve.
- **Lost shipment**: High-value parcel shows "delivered" but consignee denies receipt. Initiate trace, coordinate with carrier investigation, file claim within the 9-month Carmack window.

## Core Knowledge

### Exception Taxonomy

Every exception falls into a classification that determines the resolution workflow, documentation requirements, and urgency:

- **Delay (transit):** Shipment not delivered by promised date. Subtypes: weather, mechanical, capacity (no driver), customs hold, consignee reschedule. Most common exception type (~40% of all exceptions). Resolution hinges on whether delay is carrier-fault or force majeure.
- **Damage (visible):** Noted on POD at delivery. Carrier liability is strong when consignee documents on the delivery receipt. Photograph immediately. Never accept "driver left before we could inspect."
- **Damage (concealed):** Discovered after delivery, not noted on POD. Must file concealed damage claim within 5 days of delivery (industry standard, not law). Burden of proof shifts to shipper. Carrier will challenge — you need packaging integrity evidence.
- **Damage (temperature):** Reefer/temperature-controlled failure. Requires continuous temp recorder data (Sensitech, Emerson). Pre-trip inspection records are critical. Carriers will claim "product was loaded warm."
- **Shortage:** Piece count discrepancy at delivery. Count at the tailgate — never sign clean BOL if count is off. Distinguish driver count vs warehouse count conflicts. OS&D (Over, Short & Damage) report required.
- **Overage:** More product delivered than on BOL. Often indicates cross-shipment from another consignee. Trace the extra freight — somebody is short.
- **Refused delivery:** Consignee rejects. Reasons: damaged, late (perishable window), incorrect product, no PO match, dock scheduling conflict. Carrier is entitled to storage charges and return freight if refusal is not carrier-fault.
- **Misdelivered:** Delivered to wrong address or wrong consignee. Full carrier liability. Time-critical to recover — product deteriorates or gets consumed.
- **Lost (full shipment):** No delivery, no scan activity. Trigger trace at 24 hours past ETA for FTL, 48 hours for LTL. File formal tracer with carrier OS&D department.
- **Lost (partial):** Some items missing from shipment. Often happens at LTL terminals during cross-dock handling. Serial number tracking critical for high-value.
- **Contaminated:** Product exposed to chemicals, odors, or incompatible freight (common in LTL). Regulatory implications for food and pharma.

### Carrier Behaviour by Mode

Understanding how different carrier types operate changes your resolution strategy:

- **LTL carriers** (FedEx Freight, XPO, Estes): Shipments touch 2-4 terminals. Each touch = damage risk. Claims departments are large and process-driven. Expect 30-60 day claim resolution. Terminal managers have authority up to ~$2,500.
- **FTL/truckload** (asset carriers + brokers): Single-driver, dock-to-dock. Damage is usually loading/unloading. Brokers add a layer — the broker's carrier may go dark. Always get the actual carrier's MC number.
- **Parcel** (UPS, FedEx, USPS): Automated claims portals. Strict documentation requirements. Declared value matters — default liability is very low ($100 for UPS). Must purchase additional coverage at shipping.
- **Intermodal** (rail + drayage): Multiple handoffs. Damage often occurs during rail transit (impact events) or chassis swap. Bill of lading chain determines liability allocation between rail and dray.
- **Ocean** (container shipping): Governed by Hague-Visby or COGSA (US). Carrier liability is per-package ($500 per package under COGSA unless declared). Container seal integrity is everything. Surveyor inspection at destination port.
- **Air freight:** Governed by Montreal Convention. Strict 14-day notice for damage, 21 days for delay. Weight-based liability limits unless value declared. Fastest claims resolution of all modes.

### Claims Process Fundamentals

- **Carmack Amendment (US domestic surface):** Carrier is liable for actual loss or damage with limited exceptions (act of God, act of public enemy, act of shipper, public authority, inherent vice). Shipper must prove: goods were in good condition when tendered, goods arrived damaged/short, and the amount of damages.
- **Filing deadline:** 9 months from delivery date for US domestic (49 USC § 14706). Miss this and the claim is time-barred regardless of merit.
- **Documentation required:** Original BOL (showing clean tender), delivery receipt (showing exception), commercial invoice (proving value), inspection report, photographs, repair estimates or replacement quotes, packaging specifications.
- **Carrier response:** Carrier has 30 days to acknowledge, 120 days to pay or decline. If they decline, you have 2 years from the decline date to file suit.

### Seasonal and Cyclical Patterns

- **Peak season (Oct-Jan):** Exception rates increase 30-50%. Carrier networks are strained. Transit times extend. Claims departments slow down. Build buffer into commitments.
- **Produce season (Apr-Sep):** Temperature exceptions spike. Reefer availability tightens. Pre-cooling compliance becomes critical.
- **Hurricane season (Jun-Nov):** Gulf and East Coast disruptions. Force majeure claims increase. Rerouting decisions needed within 4-6 hours of storm track updates.
- **Month/quarter end:** Shippers rush volume. Carrier tender rejections spike. Double-brokering increases. Quality suffers across the board.
- **Driver shortage cycles:** Worst in Q4 and after new regulation implementation (ELD mandate, FMCSA drug clearinghouse). Spot rates spike, service drops.

### Fraud and Red Flags

- **Staged damages:** Damage patterns inconsistent with transit mode. Multiple claims from same consignee location.
- **Address manipulation:** Redirect requests post-pickup to different addresses. Common in high-value electronics.
- **Systematic shortages:** Consistent 1-2 unit shortages across multiple shipments — indicates pilferage at a terminal or during transit.
- **Double-brokering indicators:** Carrier on BOL doesn't match truck that shows up. Driver can't name their dispatche