polar-billing

What this skill does

# Polar Billing System

Comprehensive guide to Polar's billing infrastructure, covering entities, flows, Stripe integration, and benefit provisioning.

## Quick Reference

```
Checkout → Payment → Order → Transaction → Benefits
                         ↓
                   Subscription (if recurring)
                         ↓
                   Subscription Cycle → Order → ...
```

## Table of Contents

1. [Core Entities](#1-core-entities)
2. [Entity Relationships](#2-entity-relationships)
3. [Main Services](#3-main-services)
4. [Dramatiq Background Tasks](#4-dramatiq-background-tasks)
5. [Stripe Integration](#5-stripe-integration)
6. [Subscription Lifecycle](#6-subscription-lifecycle)
7. [Proration System](#7-proration-system)
8. [Benefits & Credits](#8-benefits--credits)
9. [Dunning & Payment Retry](#9-dunning--payment-retry)
10. [Transaction Ledger](#10-transaction-ledger)
11. [Key File Locations](#11-key-file-locations)

---

## 1. Core Entities

### Checkout
**File:** `server/polar/models/checkout.py`

Shopping cart/payment session before order confirmation.

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `status` | CheckoutStatus | open, expired, confirmed, succeeded, failed |
| `payment_processor` | PaymentProcessor | stripe, manual |
| `client_secret` | str | Unique identifier for frontend |
| `amount`, `currency` | int, str | Price in cents |
| `tax_amount`, `discount_amount` | int | Calculated amounts |
| `allow_trial`, `trial_end` | bool, datetime | Trial configuration |
| `seats` | int | For seat-based products |

**Relationships:** organization, customer, product, product_price, discount, subscription (for upgrades)

---

### Order
**File:** `server/polar/models/order.py`

Represents a billing event (one-time purchase or subscription cycle).

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `status` | OrderStatus | pending, paid, refunded, partially_refunded |
| `billing_reason` | OrderBillingReason | purchase, subscription_create, subscription_cycle, subscription_update |
| `subtotal_amount` | int | Amount before discount/tax |
| `discount_amount` | int | Discount applied |
| `tax_amount` | int | Tax collected |
| `applied_balance_amount` | int | Account balance applied |
| `platform_fee_amount` | int | Polar's fee |
| `refunded_amount` | int | Already refunded |
| `next_payment_attempt_at` | datetime | Dunning retry time |

**Computed Properties:**
- `net_amount` = subtotal - discount
- `total_amount` = net + tax
- `due_amount` = max(0, total + applied_balance)
- `payout_amount` = net - platform_fee - refunded

---

### Subscription
**File:** `server/polar/models/subscription.py`

Recurring billing relationship.

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `status` | SubscriptionStatus | incomplete, trialing, active, past_due, canceled, unpaid |
| `amount`, `currency` | int, str | Subscription price |
| `recurring_interval` | Interval | month, year |
| `current_period_start/end` | datetime | Billing period |
| `trial_start/end` | datetime | Trial period |
| `cancel_at_period_end` | bool | Scheduled cancellation |
| `canceled_at`, `ended_at` | datetime | Lifecycle timestamps |
| `past_due_at` | datetime | When payment failed |
| `seats` | int | For seat-based pricing |

**Relationships:** customer, product, payment_method, discount, meters, grants (benefits)

---

### Transaction
**File:** `server/polar/models/transaction.py`

All money flows in the system.

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `type` | TransactionType | payment, processor_fee, refund, dispute, balance, payout |
| `processor` | Processor | stripe, manual |
| `amount`, `currency` | int, str | Transaction amount |
| `tax_amount` | int | Tax portion |

**Self-referential relationships:** payment_transaction, balance_transactions, incurred_transactions

---

### Payment
**File:** `server/polar/models/payment.py`

Individual payment transaction.

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `status` | PaymentStatus | pending, succeeded, failed |
| `processor_id` | str | Stripe charge ID |
| `method` | str | card, bank_transfer, etc. |
| `decline_reason` | str | Why payment failed |
| `risk_level`, `risk_score` | str, int | Fraud assessment |

---

### Refund
**File:** `server/polar/models/refund.py`

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `status` | RefundStatus | pending, succeeded, failed, canceled |
| `reason` | RefundReason | duplicate, fraudulent, customer_request, etc. |
| `amount`, `tax_amount` | int | Refund amounts |
| `revoke_benefits` | bool | Whether to revoke customer benefits |

---

### Customer
**File:** `server/polar/models/customer.py`

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `email`, `name` | str | Contact info |
| `stripe_customer_id` | str | Stripe link |
| `billing_address` | Address | Stored address |
| `tax_id` | str | For tax compliance |

---

### Product & ProductPrice
**Files:** `server/polar/models/product.py`, `server/polar/models/product_price.py`

| ProductPrice Types | Description |
|-------------------|-------------|
| `ProductPriceFixed` | Fixed amount |
| `ProductPriceCustom` | Merchant sets at checkout |
| `ProductPriceFree` | Zero cost |
| `ProductPriceMeteredUnit` | Pay-per-unit |
| `ProductPriceSeatUnit` | Per-seat with tiers |

---

### BillingEntry
**File:** `server/polar/models/billing_entry.py`

Audit log for billing calculations.

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `type` | BillingEntryType | cycle, proration, metered, seats_increase, seats_decrease |
| `direction` | Direction | debit, credit |
| `amount` | int | Entry amount |

---

## 2. Entity Relationships

```
Organization
├── Product
│   ├── ProductPrice (multiple per product)
│   └── ProductBenefit → Benefit
├── Customer
│   ├── Subscription → Product, Discount
│   │   ├── SubscriptionProductPrice
│   │   ├── SubscriptionMeter
│   │   └── BenefitGrant
│   ├── Order → Product, Subscription
│   │   └── OrderItem
│   ├── PaymentMethod
│   └── Wallet
├── Checkout → Customer, Product
├── Discount
│   └── DiscountRedemption
└── Account (for payouts)
    └── Payout → Transaction

Transaction (ledger)
├── payment → Order, Customer
├── refund → Refund, Order
├── dispute → Dispute, Order
├── processor_fee → parent payment
└── payout → Account
```

---

## 3. Main Services

### SubscriptionService
**File:** `server/polar/subscription/service.py`

Core subscription operations:

```python
# Creation
create_or_update_from_checkout(checkout, payment_method) → (Subscription, created)

# Updates
update_product(subscription, product_id, proration_behavior)
update_seats(subscription, seats, proration_behavior)
update_discount(subscription, discount_id)
update_trial(subscription, trial_end)

# Lifecycle
cycle(subscription)  # Period renewal
cancel(subscription)  # At period end
revoke(subscription)  # Immediately
uncancel(subscription)

# Benefits
enqueue_benefits_grants(task="grant"|"revoke", customer, product)
```

### OrderService
**File:** `server/polar/order/service.py`

```python
create_from_checkout(checkout)  # One-time purchase
create_subscription_order(subscription, billing_reason)  # Recurring
trigger_payment(order)  # Charge customer
create_order_balance(order)  # Ledger entries
```

### CheckoutService
**File:** `server/polar/checkout/service.py`

```python
create(product, customer_data, discount_code)
confirm(checkout)  # Lock checkout for payment
handle_stripe_success(checkout, charge)
handle_free_success(checkout)  # No payment needed
```

### PaymentService
**File:** `server/polar/payment/service.py`

```python
upsert_from_stripe_charge(charge, checkout, order)
handle_success(payment)  # Complete order
handle_failure(payment)  # Update order status
```

### RefundService
**File:** `server/polar/refund/service.py`

```python
create(order, amount, reason, revoke_benefits)
upsert_from_stripe(stripe_refu