rag-implementation

What this skill does

# RAG Implementation

Master Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to build LLM applications that provide accurate, grounded responses using external knowledge sources.

## Use this skill when

- Building Q&A systems over proprietary documents
- Creating chatbots with current, factual information
- Implementing semantic search with natural language queries
- Reducing hallucinations with grounded responses
- Enabling LLMs to access domain-specific knowledge
- Building documentation assistants
- Creating research tools with source citation

## Do not use this skill when

- You only need purely generative writing without retrieval
- The dataset is too small to justify embeddings
- You cannot store or process the source data safely

## Instructions

1. Define the corpus, update cadence, and evaluation targets.
2. Choose embedding models and vector store based on scale.
3. Build ingestion, chunking, and retrieval with reranking.
4. Evaluate with grounded QA metrics and monitor drift.

## Safety

- Redact sensitive data and enforce access controls.
- Avoid exposing source documents in responses when restricted.

## Core Components

### 1. Vector Databases
**Purpose**: Store and retrieve document embeddings efficiently

**Options:**
- **Pinecone**: Managed, scalable, fast queries
- **Weaviate**: Open-source, hybrid search
- **Milvus**: High performance, on-premise
- **Chroma**: Lightweight, easy to use
- **Qdrant**: Fast, filtered search
- **FAISS**: Meta's library, local deployment

### 2. Embeddings
**Purpose**: Convert text to numerical vectors for similarity search

**Models:**
- **text-embedding-ada-002** (OpenAI): General purpose, 1536 dims
- **all-MiniLM-L6-v2** (Sentence Transformers): Fast, lightweight
- **e5-large-v2**: High quality, multilingual
- **Instructor**: Task-specific instructions
- **bge-large-en-v1.5**: SOTA performance

### 3. Retrieval Strategies
**Approaches:**
- **Dense Retrieval**: Semantic similarity via embeddings
- **Sparse Retrieval**: Keyword matching (BM25, TF-IDF)
- **Hybrid Search**: Combine dense + sparse
- **Multi-Query**: Generate multiple query variations
- **HyDE**: Generate hypothetical documents

### 4. Reranking
**Purpose**: Improve retrieval quality by reordering results

**Methods:**
- **Cross-Encoders**: BERT-based reranking
- **Cohere Rerank**: API-based reranking
- **Maximal Marginal Relevance (MMR)**: Diversity + relevance
- **LLM-based**: Use LLM to score relevance

## Quick Start

```python
from langchain.document_loaders import DirectoryLoader
from langchain.text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langchain.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain.vectorstores import Chroma
from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA
from langchain.llms import OpenAI

# 1. Load documents
loader = DirectoryLoader('./docs', glob="**/*.txt")
documents = loader.load()

# 2. Split into chunks
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=1000,
    chunk_overlap=200,
    length_function=len
)
chunks = text_splitter.split_documents(documents)

# 3. Create embeddings and vector store
embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()
vectorstore = Chroma.from_documents(chunks, embeddings)

# 4. Create retrieval chain
qa_chain = RetrievalQA.from_chain_type(
    llm=OpenAI(),
    chain_type="stuff",
    retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 4}),
    return_source_documents=True
)

# 5. Query
result = qa_chain({"query": "What are the main features?"})
print(result['result'])
print(result['source_documents'])
```

## Advanced RAG Patterns

### Pattern 1: Hybrid Search
```python
from langchain.retrievers import BM25Retriever, EnsembleRetriever

# Sparse retriever (BM25)
bm25_retriever = BM25Retriever.from_documents(chunks)
bm25_retriever.k = 5

# Dense retriever (embeddings)
embedding_retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 5})

# Combine with weights
ensemble_retriever = EnsembleRetriever(
    retrievers=[bm25_retriever, embedding_retriever],
    weights=[0.3, 0.7]
)
```

### Pattern 2: Multi-Query Retrieval
```python
from langchain.retrievers.multi_query import MultiQueryRetriever

# Generate multiple query perspectives
retriever = MultiQueryRetriever.from_llm(
    retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever(),
    llm=OpenAI()
)

# Single query → multiple variations → combined results
results = retriever.get_relevant_documents("What is the main topic?")
```

### Pattern 3: Contextual Compression
```python
from langchain.retrievers import ContextualCompressionRetriever
from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors import LLMChainExtractor

compressor = LLMChainExtractor.from_llm(llm)

compression_retriever = ContextualCompressionRetriever(
    base_compressor=compressor,
    base_retriever=vectorstore.as_retriever()
)

# Returns only relevant parts of documents
compressed_docs = compression_retriever.get_relevant_documents("query")
```

### Pattern 4: Parent Document Retriever
```python
from langchain.retrievers import ParentDocumentRetriever
from langchain.storage import InMemoryStore

# Store for parent documents
store = InMemoryStore()

# Small chunks for retrieval, large chunks for context
child_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=400)
parent_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=2000)

retriever = ParentDocumentRetriever(
    vectorstore=vectorstore,
    docstore=store,
    child_splitter=child_splitter,
    parent_splitter=parent_splitter
)
```

## Document Chunking Strategies

### Recursive Character Text Splitter
```python
from langchain.text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=1000,
    chunk_overlap=200,
    length_function=len,
    separators=["\n\n", "\n", " ", ""]  # Try these in order
)
```

### Token-Based Splitting
```python
from langchain.text_splitters import TokenTextSplitter

splitter = TokenTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=512,
    chunk_overlap=50
)
```

### Semantic Chunking
```python
from langchain.text_splitters import SemanticChunker

splitter = SemanticChunker(
    embeddings=OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    breakpoint_threshold_type="percentile"
)
```

### Markdown Header Splitter
```python
from langchain.text_splitters import MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter

headers_to_split_on = [
    ("#", "Header 1"),
    ("##", "Header 2"),
    ("###", "Header 3"),
]

splitter = MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter(headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on)
```

## Vector Store Configurations

### Pinecone
```python
import pinecone
from langchain.vectorstores import Pinecone

pinecone.init(api_key="your-api-key", environment="us-west1-gcp")

index = pinecone.Index("your-index-name")

vectorstore = Pinecone(index, embeddings.embed_query, "text")
```

### Weaviate
```python
import weaviate
from langchain.vectorstores import Weaviate

client = weaviate.Client("http://localhost:8080")

vectorstore = Weaviate(client, "Document", "content", embeddings)
```

### Chroma (Local)
```python
from langchain.vectorstores import Chroma

vectorstore = Chroma(
    collection_name="my_collection",
    embedding_function=embeddings,
    persist_directory="./chroma_db"
)
```

## Retrieval Optimization

### 1. Metadata Filtering
```python
# Add metadata during indexing
chunks_with_metadata = []
for i, chunk in enumerate(chunks):
    chunk.metadata = {
        "source": chunk.metadata.get("source"),
        "page": i,
        "category": determine_category(chunk.page_content)
    }
    chunks_with_metadata.append(chunk)

# Filter during retrieval
results = vectorstore.similarity_search(
    "query",
    filter={"category": "technical"},
    k=5
)
```

### 2. Maximal Marginal Relevance
```python
# Balance relevance with diversity
results = vectorstore.max_marginal_relevance_search(
    "query",
    k=5,
    fetch_k=20,  # Fetch 20, return top 5 diverse
    lambda_mult=0.5  # 0=max diversity, 1=max relevance
)
```

### 3. Reranking with Cross-Encoder
```python
from sentence_transformers import CrossEncoder

reranker = Cr