rocket
You are an expert in Rocket, the ergonomic Rust web framework that makes building web applications feel effortless. You help developers build type-safe HTTP APIs with Rocket's macro-based routing, request guards for authentication, form handling, JSON support, database integration, and fairings (middleware) — providing Rails-like productivity with Rust's compile-time safety guarantees.
What this skill does
# Rocket — Type-Safe Rust Web Framework
You are an expert in Rocket, the ergonomic Rust web framework that makes building web applications feel effortless. You help developers build type-safe HTTP APIs with Rocket's macro-based routing, request guards for authentication, form handling, JSON support, database integration, and fairings (middleware) — providing Rails-like productivity with Rust's compile-time safety guarantees.
## Core Capabilities
### Routes and Handlers
```rust
#[macro_use] extern crate rocket;
use rocket::serde::{json::Json, Deserialize, Serialize};
use rocket::http::Status;
#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Clone)]
#[serde(crate = "rocket::serde")]
struct User {
id: Option<u64>,
name: String,
email: String,
role: String,
}
#[derive(Deserialize)]
#[serde(crate = "rocket::serde")]
struct CreateUser {
name: String,
email: String,
}
// GET /api/users?page=1&limit=20
#[get("/users?<page>&<limit>")]
async fn list_users(
db: &State<DbPool>,
page: Option<u32>,
limit: Option<u32>,
) -> Json<Vec<User>> {
let page = page.unwrap_or(1);
let limit = limit.unwrap_or(20);
let users = db.find_users(page, limit).await;
Json(users)
}
// POST /api/users
#[post("/users", format = "json", data = "<input>")]
async fn create_user(
db: &State<DbPool>,
auth: AuthUser, // Request guard: rejects if not authenticated
input: Json<CreateUser>,
) -> Result<(Status, Json<User>), Status> {
if !auth.is_admin() {
return Err(Status::Forbidden);
}
match db.create_user(&input.name, &input.email).await {
Ok(user) => Ok((Status::Created, Json(user))),
Err(_) => Err(Status::InternalServerError),
}
}
// GET /api/users/<id>
#[get("/users/<id>")]
async fn get_user(db: &State<DbPool>, id: u64) -> Option<Json<User>> {
db.find_user(id).await.map(Json) // Returns 404 if None
}
#[launch]
fn rocket() -> _ {
rocket::build()
.attach(DbPool::init())
.attach(Cors::fairing())
.mount("/api", routes![list_users, create_user, get_user])
.register("/", catchers![not_found, internal_error])
}
// Custom error catchers
#[catch(404)]
fn not_found() -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
Json(serde_json::json!({"error": "not found"}))
}
#[catch(500)]
fn internal_error() -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
Json(serde_json::json!({"error": "internal server error"}))
}
```
### Request Guards (Auth)
```rust
use rocket::request::{FromRequest, Outcome, Request};
struct AuthUser {
id: u64,
role: String,
}
#[rocket::async_trait]
impl<'r> FromRequest<'r> for AuthUser {
type Error = &'static str;
async fn from_request(request: &'r Request<'_>) -> Outcome<Self, Self::Error> {
match request.headers().get_one("Authorization") {
Some(token) => match validate_token(token).await {
Ok(user) => Outcome::Success(user),
Err(_) => Outcome::Error((Status::Unauthorized, "invalid token")),
},
None => Outcome::Error((Status::Unauthorized, "missing token")),
}
}
}
// Now just add `auth: AuthUser` to any handler parameter — Rocket enforces auth automatically
```
## Installation
```toml
# Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
rocket = { version = "0.5", features = ["json"] }
```
## Best Practices
1. **Request guards** — Use guards for auth, rate limiting, feature flags; enforced at compile time, impossible to forget
2. **Type-safe routes** — Path params, query params, body all type-checked; `Option<T>` for optional params
3. **Return `Option`/`Result`** — Return `None` for 404, `Err(Status)` for errors; Rocket maps automatically
4. **Fairings** — Use fairings for CORS, logging, DB connection pooling; runs on request/response lifecycle
5. **Managed state** — Use `State<T>` for shared resources (DB pool, config); thread-safe, injected by Rocket
6. **Custom catchers** — Register catchers for 404, 500, etc.; consistent error format across all routes
7. **Forms + validation** — Use `#[derive(FromForm)]` for query/form data; validates structure at compile time
8. **Async by default** — Rocket 0.5 is fully async; use `async fn` handlers for non-blocking I/O
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