rust-patterns
Patrones idiomáticos de Rust, ownership, manejo de errores, traits, concurrencia y buenas prácticas para construir aplicaciones seguras y eficientes.
What this skill does
# Patrones de Desarrollo Rust
Patrones idiomáticos y buenas prácticas de Rust para construir aplicaciones seguras, eficientes y mantenibles.
## Cuándo Usar
- Escribir código Rust nuevo
- Revisar código Rust
- Refactorizar código Rust existente
- Diseñar la estructura de crates y la organización de módulos
## Cómo Funciona
Este skill refuerza las convenciones idiomáticas de Rust en seis áreas clave: ownership y borrowing para prevenir data races en tiempo de compilación, propagación de errores con `Result`/`?` usando `thiserror` para bibliotecas y `anyhow` para aplicaciones, enums y pattern matching exhaustivo para hacer imposibles los estados inválidos, traits y genéricos para abstracciones de costo cero, concurrencia segura con `Arc<Mutex<T>>`, canales y async/await, y superficies `pub` mínimas organizadas por dominio.
## Principios Fundamentales
### 1. Ownership y Borrowing
El sistema de ownership de Rust previene data races y bugs de memoria en tiempo de compilación.
```rust
// Bien: Pasar referencias cuando no se necesita el ownership
fn process(data: &[u8]) -> usize {
data.len()
}
// Bien: Tomar ownership solo cuando se necesita almacenar o consumir
fn store(data: Vec<u8>) -> Record {
Record { payload: data }
}
// Mal: Clonar innecesariamente para evitar el borrow checker
fn process_bad(data: &Vec<u8>) -> usize {
let cloned = data.clone(); // Costoso — solo tomar prestado
cloned.len()
}
```
### Usar `Cow` para Ownership Flexible
```rust
use std::borrow::Cow;
fn normalize(input: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
if input.contains(' ') {
Cow::Owned(input.replace(' ', "_"))
} else {
Cow::Borrowed(input) // Costo cero cuando no se necesita mutación
}
}
```
## Manejo de Errores
### Usar `Result` y `?` — Nunca `unwrap()` en Producción
```rust
// Bien: Propagar errores con contexto
use anyhow::{Context, Result};
fn load_config(path: &str) -> Result<Config> {
let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path)
.with_context(|| format!("failed to read config from {path}"))?;
let config: Config = toml::from_str(&content)
.with_context(|| format!("failed to parse config from {path}"))?;
Ok(config)
}
// Mal: Causa panic en caso de error
fn load_config_bad(path: &str) -> Config {
let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap(); // ¡Panic!
toml::from_str(&content).unwrap()
}
```
### Errores de Biblioteca con `thiserror`, Errores de Aplicación con `anyhow`
```rust
// Código de biblioteca: errores estructurados y tipados
use thiserror::Error;
#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum StorageError {
#[error("record not found: {id}")]
NotFound { id: String },
#[error("connection failed")]
Connection(#[from] std::io::Error),
#[error("invalid data: {0}")]
InvalidData(String),
}
// Código de aplicación: manejo de errores flexible
use anyhow::{bail, Result};
fn run() -> Result<()> {
let config = load_config("app.toml")?;
if config.workers == 0 {
bail!("worker count must be > 0");
}
Ok(())
}
```
### Combinadores de `Option` en Lugar de Matching Anidado
```rust
// Bien: Cadena de combinadores
fn find_user_email(users: &[User], id: u64) -> Option<String> {
users.iter()
.find(|u| u.id == id)
.map(|u| u.email.clone())
}
// Mal: Matching profundamente anidado
fn find_user_email_bad(users: &[User], id: u64) -> Option<String> {
match users.iter().find(|u| u.id == id) {
Some(user) => match &user.email {
email => Some(email.clone()),
},
None => None,
}
}
```
## Enums y Pattern Matching
### Modelar Estados con Enums
```rust
// Bien: Los estados imposibles son irrepresentables
enum ConnectionState {
Disconnected,
Connecting { attempt: u32 },
Connected { session_id: String },
Failed { reason: String, retries: u32 },
}
fn handle(state: &ConnectionState) {
match state {
ConnectionState::Disconnected => connect(),
ConnectionState::Connecting { attempt } if *attempt > 3 => abort(),
ConnectionState::Connecting { .. } => wait(),
ConnectionState::Connected { session_id } => use_session(session_id),
ConnectionState::Failed { retries, .. } if *retries < 5 => retry(),
ConnectionState::Failed { reason, .. } => log_failure(reason),
}
}
```
### Matching Exhaustivo — Sin Comodín en Lógica de Negocio
```rust
// Bien: Manejar cada variante explícitamente
match command {
Command::Start => start_service(),
Command::Stop => stop_service(),
Command::Restart => restart_service(),
// Agregar una nueva variante fuerza su manejo aquí
}
// Mal: El comodín oculta nuevas variantes
match command {
Command::Start => start_service(),
_ => {} // Ignora silenciosamente Stop, Restart y variantes futuras
}
```
## Traits y Genéricos
### Aceptar Genéricos, Retornar Tipos Concretos
```rust
// Bien: Entrada genérica, salida concreta
fn read_all(reader: &mut impl Read) -> std::io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
let mut buf = Vec::new();
reader.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
Ok(buf)
}
// Bien: Bounds de traits para múltiples restricciones
fn process<T: Display + Send + 'static>(item: T) -> String {
format!("processed: {item}")
}
```
### Trait Objects para Dispatch Dinámico
```rust
// Usar cuando se necesitan colecciones heterogéneas o sistemas de plugins
trait Handler: Send + Sync {
fn handle(&self, request: &Request) -> Response;
}
struct Router {
handlers: Vec<Box<dyn Handler>>,
}
// Usar genéricos cuando se necesita rendimiento (monomorfización)
fn fast_process<H: Handler>(handler: &H, request: &Request) -> Response {
handler.handle(request)
}
```
### Patrón Newtype para Seguridad de Tipos
```rust
// Bien: Tipos distintos previenen mezclar argumentos
struct UserId(u64);
struct OrderId(u64);
fn get_order(user: UserId, order: OrderId) -> Result<Order> {
// No se pueden intercambiar accidentalmente user ID y order ID
todo!()
}
// Mal: Fácil intercambiar argumentos
fn get_order_bad(user_id: u64, order_id: u64) -> Result<Order> {
todo!()
}
```
## Structs y Modelado de Datos
### Patrón Builder para Construcción Compleja
```rust
struct ServerConfig {
host: String,
port: u16,
max_connections: usize,
}
impl ServerConfig {
fn builder(host: impl Into<String>, port: u16) -> ServerConfigBuilder {
ServerConfigBuilder { host: host.into(), port, max_connections: 100 }
}
}
struct ServerConfigBuilder { host: String, port: u16, max_connections: usize }
impl ServerConfigBuilder {
fn max_connections(mut self, n: usize) -> Self { self.max_connections = n; self }
fn build(self) -> ServerConfig {
ServerConfig { host: self.host, port: self.port, max_connections: self.max_connections }
}
}
// Uso: ServerConfig::builder("localhost", 8080).max_connections(200).build()
```
## Iteradores y Closures
### Preferir Cadenas de Iteradores sobre Bucles Manuales
```rust
// Bien: Declarativo, lazy, composable
let active_emails: Vec<String> = users.iter()
.filter(|u| u.is_active)
.map(|u| u.email.clone())
.collect();
// Mal: Acumulación imperativa
let mut active_emails = Vec::new();
for user in &users {
if user.is_active {
active_emails.push(user.email.clone());
}
}
```
### Usar `collect()` con Anotación de Tipo
```rust
// Recolectar en diferentes tipos
let names: Vec<_> = items.iter().map(|i| &i.name).collect();
let lookup: HashMap<_, _> = items.iter().map(|i| (i.id, i)).collect();
let combined: String = parts.iter().copied().collect();
// Recolectar Results — cortocircuita al primer error
let parsed: Result<Vec<i32>, _> = strings.iter().map(|s| s.parse()).collect();
```
## Concurrencia
### `Arc<Mutex<T>>` para Estado Mutable Compartido
```rust
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
let counter = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let handles: Vec<_> = (0..10).map(|_| {
let counter = Arc::clone(&counter);
std::thread::spawn(move || {
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