unified-memory

What this skill does

# unified-memory

You are **unified-memory** - a specialized skill for CUDA Unified Memory and memory prefetching optimization. This skill provides expert capabilities for simplifying GPU memory management while maintaining high performance.

## Overview

This skill enables AI-powered Unified Memory operations including:
- Configuring managed memory allocations
- Implementing memory prefetch strategies
- Handling page fault analysis
- Configuring memory hints and advise
- Profiling unified memory migration
- Optimizing for oversubscription scenarios
- Handling multi-GPU unified memory
- Comparing managed vs explicit memory performance

## Prerequisites

- NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit 8.0+ (Unified Memory)
- CUDA 9.0+ for hardware page faulting on Pascal+
- CUDA 11.0+ for advanced prefetching
- GPU with compute capability 6.0+ for full UM features
- nvidia-smi for migration monitoring
- Nsight Systems for migration profiling

## Capabilities

### 1. Basic Unified Memory Allocation

Allocate memory accessible from both CPU and GPU:

```cuda
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

// Allocate managed memory
float* data;
size_t size = N * sizeof(float);
cudaMallocManaged(&data, size);

// Initialize on CPU
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
    data[i] = (float)i;
}

// Use on GPU - data automatically migrates
myKernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(data, N);
cudaDeviceSynchronize();

// Access on CPU again - data migrates back
printf("Result: %f\n", data[0]);

// Free managed memory
cudaFree(data);
```

### 2. Memory Prefetching

Explicitly prefetch data to reduce page faults:

```cuda
// Allocate managed memory
float *data;
cudaMallocManaged(&data, size);

// Initialize on CPU
initializeData(data, N);

// Get device ID
int device;
cudaGetDevice(&device);

// Prefetch data to GPU before kernel launch
cudaMemPrefetchAsync(data, size, device, stream);

// Launch kernel - data is already on GPU
myKernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(data, N);

// Prefetch results back to CPU
cudaMemPrefetchAsync(data, size, cudaCpuDeviceId, stream);

cudaStreamSynchronize(stream);

// Access on CPU - data is already there
processResults(data, N);
```

### 3. Memory Advise Hints

Provide hints to the memory manager:

```cuda
// Allocate managed memory
float *readOnlyData, *writeOnlyData, *readMostlyData;
cudaMallocManaged(&readOnlyData, size);
cudaMallocManaged(&writeOnlyData, size);
cudaMallocManaged(&readMostlyData, size);

int device;
cudaGetDevice(&device);

// Read-only data: advise that GPU will only read
cudaMemAdvise(readOnlyData, size, cudaMemAdviseSetReadMostly, device);

// Preferred location: keep data on specific device
cudaMemAdvise(writeOnlyData, size, cudaMemAdviseSetPreferredLocation, device);

// Accessed by: hint which devices will access
cudaMemAdvise(readMostlyData, size, cudaMemAdviseSetAccessedBy, device);

// Clear hints
cudaMemAdvise(readOnlyData, size, cudaMemAdviseUnsetReadMostly, device);
```

### 4. Memory Advise Types

```cuda
// cudaMemAdviseSetReadMostly
// - Creates read-only copies on accessing processors
// - Reduces page faults for read-only data
// - Best for: lookup tables, constant data
cudaMemAdvise(data, size, cudaMemAdviseSetReadMostly, device);

// cudaMemAdviseSetPreferredLocation
// - Sets preferred physical location for pages
// - Pages migrate there but can be accessed elsewhere
// - Best for: data primarily accessed by one device
cudaMemAdvise(data, size, cudaMemAdviseSetPreferredLocation, device);
cudaMemAdvise(data, size, cudaMemAdviseSetPreferredLocation, cudaCpuDeviceId);

// cudaMemAdviseSetAccessedBy
// - Creates direct mapping for efficient access
// - Enables access without page faults
// - Best for: frequently accessed shared data
cudaMemAdvise(data, size, cudaMemAdviseSetAccessedBy, device);
```

### 5. Page Fault Analysis

Monitor and analyze page faults:

```cuda
// Profile page faults with Nsight Systems
// nsys profile --trace=cuda,nvtx ./unified_memory_app

// Or use CUDA API for basic monitoring
cudaError_t status;
cudaDeviceProp prop;
cudaGetDeviceProperties(&prop, device);

printf("Concurrent Managed Access: %d\n", prop.concurrentManagedAccess);
printf("Page Migration Supported: %d\n", prop.pageableMemoryAccess);

// Query memory info
size_t free, total;
cudaMemGetInfo(&free, &total);
printf("Free GPU memory: %zu MB\n", free / (1024 * 1024));
```

### 6. Multi-GPU Unified Memory

Handle unified memory across multiple GPUs:

```cuda
#include <cuda_runtime.h>

void multiGPUUnifiedMemory() {
    int numDevices;
    cudaGetDeviceCount(&numDevices);

    // Allocate managed memory
    float* data;
    size_t size = N * sizeof(float);
    cudaMallocManaged(&data, size);

    // Check peer access capability
    for (int i = 0; i < numDevices; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < numDevices; j++) {
            if (i != j) {
                int canAccess;
                cudaDeviceCanAccessPeer(&canAccess, i, j);
                if (canAccess) {
                    cudaSetDevice(i);
                    cudaDeviceEnablePeerAccess(j, 0);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Set preferred location for initial data
    cudaMemAdvise(data, size, cudaMemAdviseSetPreferredLocation, 0);

    // Initialize on GPU 0
    cudaSetDevice(0);
    initKernel<<<blocks, threads>>>(data, N);

    // Partition work across GPUs
    size_t chunkSize = size / numDevices;
    for (int i = 0; i < numDevices; i++) {
        cudaSetDevice(i);

        // Prefetch this GPU's chunk
        cudaMemPrefetchAsync(data + i * (N / numDevices),
                            chunkSize, i, streams[i]);

        // Process chunk
        processKernel<<<blocks, threads, 0, streams[i]>>>
            (data + i * (N / numDevices), N / numDevices);
    }

    // Synchronize all GPUs
    for (int i = 0; i < numDevices; i++) {
        cudaSetDevice(i);
        cudaStreamSynchronize(streams[i]);
    }

    cudaFree(data);
}
```

### 7. Oversubscription Handling

Handle cases where data exceeds GPU memory:

```cuda
// Oversubscription example - allocate more than GPU memory
void oversubscriptionExample() {
    // Get GPU memory size
    size_t free, total;
    cudaMemGetInfo(&free, &total);

    // Allocate 2x GPU memory using unified memory
    size_t size = total * 2;
    float* bigData;
    cudaMallocManaged(&bigData, size);

    // Process in chunks with prefetching
    size_t chunkSize = free * 0.8;  // Use 80% of GPU memory per chunk
    size_t numChunks = size / chunkSize;

    for (size_t chunk = 0; chunk < numChunks; chunk++) {
        float* chunkPtr = bigData + chunk * (chunkSize / sizeof(float));

        // Prefetch current chunk to GPU
        cudaMemPrefetchAsync(chunkPtr, chunkSize, device, stream);

        // Process chunk
        processChunk<<<blocks, threads, 0, stream>>>(chunkPtr, chunkSize / sizeof(float));

        // Prefetch next chunk while processing (double buffering)
        if (chunk + 1 < numChunks) {
            float* nextChunkPtr = bigData + (chunk + 1) * (chunkSize / sizeof(float));
            cudaMemPrefetchAsync(nextChunkPtr, chunkSize, device, stream2);
        }

        cudaStreamSynchronize(stream);
    }

    cudaFree(bigData);
}
```

### 8. Performance Comparison: Managed vs Explicit

```cuda
// Benchmark helper
#define BENCHMARK(name, code) { \
    cudaEvent_t start, stop; \
    cudaEventCreate(&start); \
    cudaEventCreate(&stop); \
    cudaEventRecord(start); \
    code; \
    cudaEventRecord(stop); \
    cudaEventSynchronize(stop); \
    float ms; \
    cudaEventElapsedTime(&ms, start, stop); \
    printf("%s: %.3f ms\n", name, ms); \
    cudaEventDestroy(start); \
    cudaEventDestroy(stop); \
}

void compareMemoryApproaches(size_t size, int iterations) {
    float *h_data, *d_data, *managed_data;

    // Explicit memory approach
    h_data = (float*)malloc(size);
    cudaMalloc(&d_data, size);

    BENCHMARK("Explicit Memory", {
        for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
            cudaMemcpy(d_data, h_data, size, cudaMemcpy